**Taxonomy and Distribution:**
– Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) described in 1796 by Palisot de Beauvois.
– Genus name possibly derived from Greek for ‘able to fly’ or ‘house flier’.
– Species name ‘fuscus’ means brown in Latin.
– Type species for the genus Eptesicus, with 11-12 recognized subspecies.
– Widely distributed in North America, the Caribbean, and parts of South America.
– Found in various habitats like douglas-fir forests and urban parks.
– Related species include E. anatolicus and E. serotinus.
**Behavior and Ecology:**
– Big brown bats use echolocation for navigation.
– Modulate pulse intervals to overcome range ambiguity in cluttered surroundings.
– Males and females exhibit differences in habitat use.
– Roost selection based on diet and safety factors.
– Maternity colony bats display specific feeding behaviors.
**Health and Diseases:**
– Resistant to white-nose syndrome.
– Susceptible to rabies virus infections.
– Studies conducted on rabies prevalence in wild-caught bats.
– Research on regional blood distribution during torpor and arousal.
– Experimental infections with rabies virus in big brown bats.
**Conservation and Management:**
– Efforts include building bat houses for conservation.
– Standards and medical management guidelines for captive insectivorous bats.
– Monitoring national surveillance trends for rabies among bats.
– Surveys for West Nile virus in bats.
– Conservation actions aim to protect this abundant species.
**Physiology and Adaptations:**
– Possess brown fat aiding in thermogenesis.
– Studies on morphology and function of pubic nipples in bats.
– Research on thermogenic effect during arousal from hibernation.
– Presence of DDE in brown and white fat of hibernating bats.
– Adaptations like thick ears and specific physiological responses observed.
In classical architecture, the term attic refers to a storey (or low wall) above the cornice of a classical façade. The decoration of the topmost part of a building was particularly important in ancient Greek architecture and this came to be seen as typifying the Attica style,[citation needed] the earliest example known being that of the monument of Thrasyllus in Athens.
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It was largely employed in Ancient Rome, where their triumphal arches utilized it for inscriptions or for bas-relief sculpture. It was used also to increase the height of enclosure walls such as those of the Forum of Nerva. By the Italian revivalists it was utilized as a complete storey, pierced with windows, as found in Andrea Palladio's work in Vicenza and in Greenwich Hospital, London. One well-known large attic surmounts the entablature of St. Peter's Basilica, which measures 12 metres (39 ft) in height.
Decorated attics with pinnacles are often associated with the Late Renaissance (Mannerist architecture) period in Poland and are viewed as a distinct feature of Polish historical architecture (attyka polska). Many examples can be found throughout the country, notably at Wawel Castle in Kraków, Gdańsk, Poznań, Lublin, Tarnów, Zamość, Sandomierz and Kazimierz Dolny. Possibly the best example of a rich Italianate attic is at Krasiczyn Castle.
This usage became current in the 17th century from the use of Attica style pilasters as adornments on the top story's façade. By the 18th century this meaning had been transferred to the space behind the wall of the highest story (i.e., directly under the roof), producing the modern meaning of the word "attic".[citation needed]
Definition from ChatGPT:
Attic (architecture):
In architecture, the term "attic" refers to the space or story located directly below the roof of a building. Attics are often used for storage or as living space, and they are typically found in the uppermost part of a building. Attics may have sloped ceilings due to the shape of the roof, and they are commonly accessed by a staircase or ladder.